![]() ![]() Schwartz’s apprehension quickly became so distressing that she pleaded with her daughter to stay home and away from the great river that gave life and livelihood to the city. ![]() Although Charles would soon become her son-in-law, Mrs. In Natchez, Mississippi, where the Mississippi River was the main method of communication with the world beyond the isolated community, this was especially true.Īs Kate hurriedly dressed and hardly touched her breakfast, her mother felt uneasy about the idea of her daughter going on the river with Charles, the handsome son of their family dentist, Dr. In the days before electronic entertainment and the abundance of motor vehicles ready to whisk restless youths miles from home, rivers were a primary source of thrilling amusement and social enjoyment. ![]() More attention will be paid to maintaining and restoring intact ecosystems and less toward sustainable yield of meat.On the morning of the 13th of May, 1911, lovely twenty-one-year-old Kate Schwartz brushed the last tangles from her long red locks. We suggest that in the next century we will witness a continued shift in how wildlife agencies manage both moose and large carnivores. In the future, agencies responsible for managing resident wildlife will face increased pressure to balance the needs of the hunting public with the desires of non-hunting publics. Utilitarian attitudes towards wildlife are declining in Western cultures and people now increasingly recognize the intrinsic value of wildlife, including large predators. Both the inability of scientific research to adequately predict the effect of predator control on ungulate populations and a shift in public attitudes toward large carnivores have resulted in an accelerating number of challenges to predator management in places where it is still espoused. Surprisingly, bears and wolves are not controlled to increase ungulates where private landowners have the hunting rights in Europe, although wolves were originally exterminated from these areas. Wolf control to increase harvests of moose (Alces alces) occurs in parts of North America and Russia bear control for similar reasons only occurs in parts of North America. In the formerly communistic Eastern European countries and North America, hunting rights are held in common, although this is changing in some Eastern European countries. In Western Europe, landowners own the hunting rights to ungulates. Control of predators to enhance ungulate harvest varies. On the other hand, there are no wolf introductions, as has occurred in North America, and Europeans have a more negative attitude towards wolves. They are less controversial than in North America. Efforts to protect brown bears began in the late 1880s in some European countries and population reintroductions and augmentations are ongoing. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) were consequently extirpated from much of their range in Europe and in North America south of Canada. Early civilizations, in particular those with pastoral ways, attempted to eliminate large carnivores as threats to life and property. As civilization evolved and man developed weapons, the balance shifted. Our early ancestors were physically vulnerable to large carnivores and developed corresponding attitudes of respect, avoidance, and acceptance. ![]() Together, the pattern suggests there has been an evolution in how humans perceive large predators. Likewise, conservation programs directed at restoration and recovery appeared in European history well before they did in North America. In general, persecution of large carnivores began much earlier in Europe than North America. We compare and contrast the evolution of human attitudes toward large carnivores between Europe and North America. ![]()
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